Dynamic Android Application

Our purpose in writing a dynamic Android application is to
make the APK independent from the customer and the application
package he/she uses.


After a login process with SOAP-web service call the specifications
can be downloaded with SOAP from a server.  The menus and the forms
can be created.  The OnClick functions can be created according to
the information from XMLs.  The OnClick functions actually
indicate the SOAP calls that can be called by enter or button clicks.


I have implemented buttons, COMBObox and TimeDate without any problem.

LANGANA-e English Language syntax parser completes firs phase successfully

Incredible! Excellent news!


LANGANA-e, my English Language syntax parser has completed its first phase.
It can parse completely new texts that it incounters for the first time with % 98.2 percent precision.  It is now possible to correct the remaining mistakes by hand and produce tangible parse outputs.  You can find below a sample parse output produced by LANAGANA-e.


AN EXAMPLE SENTENCE OUTPUT:


Sentence=17188-------------------------------------------------------------->
. An inward current flows through cGMP-gated channels, which are confined to the photoreceptor's outer  segment, while an outward K+ current flows through nongated K+-selective channels, which are like those of other neurons and are confined to the inner segment.


.
An
||+indef. art.
inward
||a.
current
||a.
flows
||n.||pl.
through
||+prep.
cGMP-gated
||a.
channels
||n.||pl.
,
which
||nom. pron.
are
||+reg. v.
confined
||v. t.||imp. & p. p. Confined||p. pr. & vb. n. Confining
to
||+prep.
the
||+def. art.
photoreceptor's
||poss. n.
outer
||a.
segment
||n.
,
while
||+conj.
an
||+indef. art.
outward
||a.
K+
||pn.
current
||a.
flows
||n.||pl.
through
||+prep.
nongated

K+-selective
||a.
channels
||n.||pl.
,
which
||nom. pron.
are
||+reg. v.
like
||+prep.
those
||+obliq. pron.
of
||+prep.
other
||a.
neurons
||n.||pl.
and
||+conj.
are
||+reg. v.
confined
||v. t.||imp. & p. p. Confined||p. pr. & vb. n. Confining
to
||+prep.
the
||+def. art.
inner
||a.
segment
||n.
#word=38


I)


I had used 50 sentences / 1057 words long various excerpts from KANDEL's 'Principles of Neural Science' and I have published the results in my techne blog.
 
PREVIOUS TEST CASE RESULTS:
http://tekne-techne.blogspot.com.tr/2015/02/langana-e-english-parser-control-set.html


TOTAL
# of sentences = 50
# of words = 1057
# of ERRORs = 28
% of word errors in words = % 2.6
# of word errors per sentence = 0.56
 The average sentence length is 21 words.


 II)

Using this experience and knowledge accumulated in LANGANA-e  I tested text between 17045 - 17200th sentences.  The trial numbers indicate the test results accrued at the end of each programming-teaching effort phase.

Please note that LANGANA-e continues to learn and improve when more effort is put in.
 
 17045 - 17200


# of sentences = 155       1st trial     2nd     3rd     4th     5th
# of words = 2947    
# of ERRORs = 155           106   89      74      69      57      48     33  13
% of word errors in words = %  5.29    % 3.59  % 3.02  % 2.51  % 2.34  % 1.93  % 1.62  %1.12 % 0.04
# of word errors per sentence =  1.00     0.68    0.58    0.48    0.45    0.38    0.31   0.21   0.08
The average sentence length is 17 words.

III)


After reducing the error rate to less than 4 in one thousand I decided to complete the 'Visual Processing by the Retina' chapter of KANDEL's 'Principles of Neural Science'.

The below given results are without any correction, they are solely what LANGANA-e understands syntactically according to what I taught her in the previous phase.

17200 - 17434


 17200 + # of sentences :                  100       200        234
17200 + # of words :                      1972      4005      4597
17200 + # of ERRORs :                     35          72          86
% of word errors in words =       % 1.77   % 1.79  % 1.87
# of word errors per sentence =       0.35       0.36      0.35           
The average sentence length is 20 words.


IV)


I have corrected the remaining mistakes by hand.  You can find a almost zero mistake, precise word based-syntactical parse of the26thChapter of KANDEL's 'Principles of Neural Science' at SourceForge address:
https://sourceforge.net/projects/turkishlanguageparser/files/English%20Language%20Syntax%20Parser/

V) WHAT'S NEXT?


First, the higher level parse to detect subject, object, adverbial and noun phrases usw. has to be done.


After this various applications may be developed: 


1- A given text may be parsed offline. Online questions may be answered
according to this reference text.


2- A translation engine for English to Turkish may be developed.


3- Advanced search engine for medical references may be developed to get very quick answers from big books.


4- Aviation maintenance reference books


5- Ease in processing very long Legal documents.


6- Scanning of legal voice recordings, telephone companies, banks etc.

HOW TO implement the SmoothProgressBar example

SmoothProgressBar HOW TO notes

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CASTORFLEX-SMOOTHPROGRESSBAR EXAMPLE of Chris Banes

1- Download the zip file from https://github.com/castorflex/SmoothProgressBar
2- Create a new workspace with Eclipse.
3- Copy the zip file into the workspace and unzip.
4- Import the android as below.
5- There are two main project names with the name ‘Main’.  If you try you will
get error message saying that there is already a project names  ‘Main’.  The
solution is:  We will first open only two not three projecst and then add the
 resources and source files of the third manually.

6- With two projects, it gives the below error message.  The mainactivity can not
find some resources related to the circular progress bar includes.


7- Add manually the resources of the circular progres bar and clean the project. 
The styles mistake got corrected. 


 8- But still continues the R not found error. 
Import uk.co.senab.smoothprogresbar.library.R;  so that the JAVA programs that
use the resources we have added can see them.


9- The program compiles but does not work when deployed.  Because I forgot
to move the JAVA lib contents to the src lib at the MainActivity project that
uses the smoothprogresbar lib.


10- It repeated the resource error again.  It could not see general resources: R.dimen, R.color, R.integer.   I had added the
C:\Users\ars\android-sdks\extras\android\support\v7\appcompat\libs?
android-support-v4
android-support-v7-appcompat
This may help in some cases but the solution to the current one was:
xmlns:android=http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android
I added this to the top of AndroidManifest.xml file.  All the general res items are
Accessed through this.

11- Resource errors are cleaned but:  Minimum version errors appear.
Change  AndroidManifest.xml file  and add
<uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="14"  android:targetSdkVersion="21"/>

Installation of the android develepoment environment

Installation of the android develepoment environment


First, I tried to use Eclipse and after some problems I used Android Studio.  Android Studio is the official development environment from Google.  It is based on IntelliJ IDE, which is unfortunately too big and clumsy.  The problems I had with Eclipse got fixed once the Android Studio was installed.

1- Download  eclipse-jee-indigo-SR2-win32-x86_64 .  Android Kt does not work with every family of Eclipse.  You must download the latest version of Indigo family.


2- Shortcut to run Eclipse
Start in: "C:\Program Files\eclipse-jee-indigo-SR2-win32-x86_64\eclipse"
Target: "C:\Program Files\eclipse-jee-indigo-SR2-win32-x86_64\eclipse\eclipse.exe" -vmargs -Xmx900M

3- Unzip the Eclipse download file and copy it in the target directory.

4- Installing the Eclipse plugin:
http://developer.android.com/sdk/index.html
Download Android Studio and SDK Tools | Android ...
developer.android.com/sdk/

Download the official Android IDE and developer tools to build apps for Android phones, tablets, wearables, TVs, and more.

Installing the Android SDK
https://developer.android.com/sdk/installing.html

Android Studio provides everything you need to ... Migrating to Android Studio
https://developer.android.com/sdk/installing/migrate.html

To migrate existing Android projects, simply ... Migrating to ...

Adding SDK Packages
To start adding packages, launch the Android SDK Manager in ...


Android Studio Overview
Android Studio is the official IDE for Android application ...

Installing the Eclipse Plugin
Installing the Eclipse Plugin. Android offers a custom plugin ... Android NDK
Before installing the Android NDK, you must agree to the ...

ADT Plugin
Android Development Tools (ADT) is a plugin for the Eclipse IDE ...


SDK Manager
On Windows, double-click the SDK Manager.exe file at the root of ...

SDK Tools
Known Issues - ADT Plugin - SDK Platforms - ... Managing Projects


Android Studio provides graphical tools for creating and managing ...
android.com alanından daha fazla sonuç

5- The items, SDK tools, SDK Manager, ADT Plugin can also be loaded from the Android Studio.


 The important point is,
Whether Eclipse or Android Studio they always create and write to the same place. 
C:\Users\ars\android-sdks
They both use the same tools.

6- I began to use the Eclipse+ANDROID plugin
http://iit.qau.edu.pk/books/Android.Application.Development.for.For.Dummies.pdf
Chapter 2: Preparing Your Development Headquarters . . . . . . . . . . . . .25


7- After I installed Eclipse + the Android Studio’s Eclipse Plugin, I could not use x86 device emulators because it said it needs HAXB accelarator.  I could only use non-x86 emulators which are provided by Google.
 
8- At this point I decided to install Android Studio.  I did so with no major problem.


9- I tried to run a simple example, it showed me the previous device emulators that I had created with Eclipse plugin.  It did not work with them.  I had to reload these emulators.  I reloaded almost everything in the SDK manager.  This included the HAXB accelerator.  The difficulty with x86 emulators is solved by this.  Now, I could use all the device emulators.


10- When I returned back and tested the same application I saw that the problems of the Eclipse plugin were also solved.  I can also use the Eclipse plugin now but it is reasonable to continue with the Android studio as it is now the official Google IDE.

How to decode an android application-APK file and reengineer

How to decode an android application to JAVA


1- http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1249973/decompiling-dex-into-java-sourcecode

Get these tools:
1) dex2jar, which is made by a Chinese student. It will translate dex files to jar files
2) jd-gui to view the java files in the jar

The source code is quite readable as dex2jar makes some optimizations.

Procedure:
And here's the procedure on how to decompile:

Step 1:
Convert classes.dex in test_apk-debug.apk to test_apk-debug_dex2jar.jar
d2j-dex2jar.sh -f -o output_jar.jar apk_to_decompile.apk
Note: In the Windows machines all the .sh scripts are replaced by .bat scripts
dex2jar documentation

Step 2:
Open the jar in JD-GUI


How to decode res (resource files)

C:\Users\ars\Desktop\APKtool\prebuilt\aapt\windows>aapt c -S .\res -C .\out 2>error.txt

Crunching PNG Files in source dir: .\res
To destination dir: .\out


C:\Users\ars\Desktop\APKtool\prebuilt\aapt\windows>aapt
Android Asset Packaging Tool
Usage:
 aapt l[ist] [-v] [-a] file.{zip,jar,apk}
   List contents of Zip-compatible archive.
...

C:\Users\ars\Desktop\APKtool\prebuilt\aapt\windows>aapt c -S .\res\layout -C .\out

Crunching PNG Files in source dir: .\res\layout
To destination dir: .\out


C:\Users\ars\Desktop\APKtool\prebuilt\aapt\windows>

HOW TO connect REEDER7iC to Android studio

Connecting REEDER7iC to Android studio


1- I connected the cable.  I did start->computer->right click->manage->device manager
->others
(using Windows7).

Others displayed a yellow ! sign next to ‘MTP’.

I could not see the portable device in the start->computer-> screen.

2- I found and downloaded the reederA7iC driver.
IntelAndroidDrvSetup1.1.5.exe

After I installed start->computer-> portable devices reederA7ic appeared.


3- The computer can see the reeder as portable device but Android Studio could not see it.

I did start->computer->right click->manage->device manager->others

Still displayed yellow ! mark next to ‘MTP’
But it also displayed the portable device->reederA7iC


4- C:\Users\ars\android-sdks\platform-tools>adb kill-server

C:\Users\ars\android-sdks\platform-tools>adb start-server
* daemon not running. starting it now on port 5037 *
* daemon started successfully *


5- C:\Users\ars\android-sdks\platform-tools>adb devices
List of devices attached


It still did not list the reederA7iC device.


6- Android studio->tools->SDK manager->Google USB driver  install...
x64 os
CertMgr.exe MFLD_USB_driver_cert.cer returned 0
Installing drivers, please wait
drvinstall.exe gadget_multi.inf returned 0
drvinstall.exe gserial.inf returned 0
drvinstall.exe rndis.inf returned 0
drvinstall.exe intelmtp.inf returned 0
drvinstall.exe android_winusb.inf returned 0

7- It still did not list the reederA7iC device and device did not appear at
Android Studio->Android window at the bottom or ADB(Android Device Bridge)
adb devices     command.

8- http://stackoverflow.com/questions/17509422/android-device-is-not-connected-to-usb-for-debugging-android-studio

This solution works for every unregonized android device... mostly general brands don´t come with usb debugging drivers...

• go to settings
• control panel
• hardware and sound
• device manager
• And look for any devices showing an error. Many androids will show as an unknown USB device or just Android

First thing you need will be your device IDs. You can get them opening up the device manager and finding the "Unknown Device" with a yellow exclamation point. Right click on it and select 'Properties', and then go to the 'Details' tab. Under the 'Property' drop down menu, select hardware IDs. There should be two strings:

USB\VID_2207&PID_0011&REV_0222&MI_01
USB\VID_2207&PID_0011&MI_01

Copy those strings somewhere and then navigate to where you downloaded the Google USB driver. Then you need to open up the file 'android_winusb.inf' in a text editor. I would recommend using Notepad++.

Not this one->C:\Windows\System32\DriverStore\FileRepository\ winusb.inf_amd64_neutral_6cb50ae9f480775b

Not this one->C:\Windows\System32
\DriverStore\FileRepository\android_winusb.inf_amd64_neutral_ad188d208ea0ea22

C:\Users\ars\android-sdks\extras\google\usb_driver
First, create a sub-section for your device. I called mine ';RCA 6378W2' but it doesn't really matter what you call it. Then, under the sub-section you created paste the Device ID strings you copied from the Device Manager, preceded by '%SingleAdbInterface%'. If you need help, look at this screenshot

NOTE: If you are using Windows 8 or 8.1, you will need to disable device driver signature checks before you'll be able to install the modified driver. Here's a quick video on how to disable device driver checks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NM1MN8QZhnk. Ignore the part at the beginning about 64 bit, your computer architecture doesn't matter


9- C:\Users\ars\android-sdks\extras\google\usb_driver\
android_winusb setup information file -> android_winusb.INF

10- Start->Computer->right click-> manage->Device manager->others->MTP->right click ->properties->details(dropdownlistbox)->hardwareIDs  

11- ;MTP (ARS)

%SingleAdbInterface% = USB_Install, USB\VID_8087&PID_0A16&REV_????&MI_01
%SingleAdbInterface% = USB_Install, USB\VID_8087&PID_0A16&MI_01

12- After this I reloaded the reederA7iC driver again.

13- Device manager displayed Android Device at the top and Android aDB Interface underneath it.  Others->MTP disappeared.

14- Android Studio began to work with the reeder device.

15- When the reeder device is not connected device manager does not display the related items on its list.


Please contact arsaral (at) yahoo.com if you need help.

LANGANA-e English parser control set test results

I had indicated that I have tested my solution with 30 sentences from KANDEL’s book.  I corrected all the mistakes of my English parser program by working on these examples.  Here are the statistical information about them.

Sentences between min and max sentence sequence in the book are indicated.

min=20890;max=20895;        94 words             5 sentences

min=20885;max=20890;        82 words             5 sentences

min=20880;max=20885;        70 words             5 sentences

min=20875;max=20880;        135 words           5 sentences

min=15035; max=15045;       228 words           10 sentences

 

Control set test is necessary to check how the program  behaves when it is used to parse ‘new’ or unexpected texts.  This shows the fitting level of the program.  When a solution is produced using a fixed number of test cases the success depends on the quality and the quantity of test cases.  If you select a too few number of cases your solution will not work.  Even if you choose many cases they have to be linearly independent so that they cover the input space cases as a whole.

 

I chose examples from different parts of KANDEL’s book so that they are possibly written by different writers.

min=15062; max=15072      227 words    10 sentences     5 mistakes          % 2.2

min=15125; max=15135      200 words    10 sentences     5 mistakes         % 2.5

min=33948; max=33958      245 words     10 sentences     8 mistakes          % 3.2

min=2679; max=2689          153 words     10 sentences     5 mistakes          % 3.3

min=42150; max=42160      232 words     10 sentences     5 mistakes          % 2.2

 

The result is; % 2.8 of the words are parsed wrong.  More importantly the fact is that almost half of the sentences have at least one mistake, possibly the only one. 

 

 The average sentence length is 21 words.   Smaller sentences tend to have less errors.

 

This shows my model has to be improved so that there is at most 1 mistake in ten sentences.  This corresponds to approx. 1 / 200 = % 0.5 mistakes.

 

I will continue to do example testing but also I will do theoretical work to outline the linearly independent test cases so that I can catch cases that I may not encounter by chance.

 

 

News about my LANGANA-e English parser project

The first stage of parsing is determining the type of words in the given sentence's context.  This is done by rule-based programming which detects impossible cases and eliminates multiple types of a given word.  For example an adjective can not precede a adverb except the word 'most' and etc. in the form of adjective.  Yet another example is; an adjective can not be the last word in a compound name.


I have done 30 sentences from Kandel's book using this approach with 0 mistakes.  I will do some cleaning and make an abstraction of what I do and put down the principles now.  I will continue, with question sentences and passive and inverted sentences.  After this stage, I will leave the multiple cases if I can not clean them totally.  At the end, I will  make a phase in which idioms, phrases, clauses, compound and complex sentences will be parsed using the output of the previous phases.

You may find below an example parse output from KANDEL's 'Principles of Psychology' book.

Sentence=20891-------------------------------------------------------------->
. More importantly, the transmitter-induced increase in membrane conductance perturbs the critically tuned resonant circuit in the hair cell's membrane, thus decreasing both the sharpness of frequency selectivity and the gain of electrical amplification.


More
||adv. manner


importantly
||adv.


the
||+def. art.


transmitter-induced
||a.


increase
||n.


in
||+prep.


membrane
||n.


conductance
||n.


perturbs
||v. t.||present t.


the
||+def. art.


critically
||adv. manner


tuned
||v. i.||imp. & p. p. Tunned||p. pr. & vb. n. Tunning


resonant
||a.


circuit
||n.


in
||+prep.


the
||+def. art.


hair
||n.


cell's
||poss. n.


membrane
||n.


thus
||adv. manner


decreasing
||v. i.||imp. & p. p. Decreased||p. pr. & vb. n. Decreasing||v. t.


both
||conj.


the
||+def. art.


sharpness
||n.


of
||+prep.


frequency
||n.


selectivity
||n.


and
||+conj.


the
||+def. art.


gain
||n.


of
||+prep.


electrical
||a.


amplification
||n.

Automatic Word Type Detection in English

My LANGANA-E English parser making effort is continuing.  Currently I can take a single or a group of sentences from KANDEL's 'The Principles of Neural Science' and analyse each of its words in terms of type.




The analysis is made firstly using an in-memory array reference that lists each type of word, namely pronouns list, irregular words list etc.  Secondly the word type is taken from Webster dictionary(ver. 1910).




The example is sentence 116 at KANDEL' book:




Preface
The goal of neural science is to understand the mind.




As seen below, items coming in-memory word lists by type begin with a + sign.  Webster dictionary based types are listed as they are.




of
           ==>||+prep.||prep.



indicates both in-memory word list for prepositions and webster gives the same result.




I intend to use the memory list when things are easy to decide and Webster for more complex situations.




The next step is to decide :
1- nouns
2- adjectives
3- compound nouns
4- noun phrases
5- verbs
6- adverbs
7- noun clauses
8- subject detection
9- object detection




EXAMPLE OUTPUT:
run:
Sentence=116-------------------------------------------------------------->
Preface
           ==>||n.||v. t.||imp. & p. p. Prefaced||p. pr. & vb. n. Prefacing||v. i.
The
           ==>||+def. art.||v. i.||adv.
goal
           ==>||n.
of
           ==>||+prep.||prep.
neural
           ==>||a.
science
           ==>||n.||v. t.
is
           ==>||+reg. v.||v. i.
to
           ==>||+prep.||prep.
understand
           ==>||irreg. v. neutral||v. t.||imp. & p. p. Understood||p. pr. & vb. n. Understanding||v. i.
the
           ==>||+def. art.||v. i.||adv.
mind
           ==>||n.||v. t.||imp. & p. p. Minded||p. pr. & vb. n. Minding||v. i.
Preface
The goal of neural science is to understand the mind?
BUILD SUCCESSFUL (total time: 3 seconds)

Adverb Usage Patterns

The examples are chosen from the first 20 pages of KANDEL's The Principles of Neural Science.
Other pattern analsysis for adjectives, prepositions,  clauses, conjunctions etc. will follow.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
only
occurs only eight times in ancient Egyptian records        
v. + only + num. adj.
these questions could be addressed only in cell biological terms.     
v. + only + prep.
Wernicke proposed that only the most basic mental functions are localized  
subord. clause + only + def. article.
some of which occur only fleetingly during the seizure itself     
v. + only + adv. + prep
The actions of the brain underlie not only relatively simple motor behaviors, but  
not only subord. clause
Only recently has this view been modified          
initial only + adv. + v.
Only during the last decade,             
initial only + prep.
therefore coding for, only some aspects of specific sensory stimuli    
prep. + only + adj. + n.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
adv. + sentence
Initially molecular biology enriched our understanding of ion channels    
initial adv. + comp. n.
Finally we want to thank John Butler, for his consistent      
initial adv. + pron.     
-----------------------------------------------------------------
auxillary verb + adv. + verb + tense extension
Molecular biology also has greatly expanded our understanding      
v. + adv. + v. tense cont.
We are especially indebted to John H. Martin         
be + adv. + passive verb
they are physiologically and embryologically unrelated to the other cell types 
be + adv. + and + adv. + passive verb
neural science must continually confront certain fundamental questions   
modal + adv. + v.
in actuality glia do not commonly hold nerve cells together.     
do/does + not + adv. + v.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
be v. + adv. + adj.
it is particularly important to clarify the major        
be v. + adv. + adj.
information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards   
be v. + adj. + and + adv. + adj.
it is considerably more complex than initially envisaged by Wernicke   
more + adj. + than + adv. + adj.
they are not completely symmetrical in structure        
be v. + not + adv. + adj.
it is by no means completely determined until the age of about seven or eight 
be v. + adv. + adv. + adj.
becomes abnormally hot               
become + adv. + adj.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
adv. + sentence end .
supervised the program both scientifically and artistically.     
adv. + sentence end .
-----------------------------------------------------------------
adv. + clause
He could see clearly that neurons had cell          
adv. + clause
-----------------------------------------------------------------
early
In fact, by as early as the end of the eighteenth century      
by + as early as
the left cerebral hemisphere is severely damaged early in life.     
v. + early + prep.
This map, taken from a drawing of the early 1800s, purports to show    
the + early + n.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
subj. + adv. + v.
What we commonly call the mind is a set of operations       
subj. + adv. + v.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
v. + adv. + prep.
each hemisphere is concerned primarily with sensory and motor     
v. + adv. + prep.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
be + adv. + comp. n.
irritative lesions are exactly the opposite of those of destructive lesions  
be + adv. + comp. n.
The central nervous system is a bilateral and essentially symmetrical structure 
be + indef. article + adj. + and + adv. + adj. + n.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
prep. + adv. + compund n.
Schwann cells are small cells with relatively few processes.     
prep. + adv. + comp. n.
in connection with new or infrequently used drugs.        
prep. + adj. + or + adv. + comp. n.
cortex is divided into four anatomically distinct lobes       
prep. + adj. + adv. + comp. n.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
subj + v. + adv. + comp. n.
Thus we again stress vigorously our view,          
subj. + v. + adv. + comp. n.
the ability to develop genetically modified mice           
to + v. + adv. + comp. n.
Brodmann distinguished 52 anatomically and functionally distinct areas in the human
v. + adj. + adv. + and + adv. + comp. n.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
adv. + compund n.      
parietal, temporal, and occipital, originally named for the skull bones that encase them.
comp. n. + adv. + adj.
owe their name to their irregular, roughly star-shaped cell bodies       
adj. + adv. + adj. + n.
The cerebral hemispheres consist of a heavily wrinkled outer layer       
indef. article + adv. + adj. + n.
can still develop an essentially normal grasp of language         
indef. article + adv. + comp. n.
the auditory cortex as well as by areas collectively known as association cortex,   
comp. n. + adv. + adj.
and how highly complex behaviors can be traced to specific regions of the brain    
subord. conj. + adv. + comp. n.
who was deeply skeptical of the cytoarchitectonic approach          
subord. conj. + be + adv. + comp. n.
Penfield, and more recently George Ojemann used small electrodes       
conj. + more adv. + adv. + comp. n.
Since relatively few principles of organization give rise to considerable complexity,  
conj. + adv. + comp. n.
to provide accurate, yet vividly graphic, diagrams that allow the reader      
conj. + adv. + comp. n.
which receives information on bodily sensation.            
prep. + adv. + comp. n.
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adv. + gerund
By systematically removing Gall's functional            
by + adv. + gerund
They can be intensely emotional, ardently religious, and totally lacking in humor   
adv. + gerund
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conj. + adv. + v.
hear her voice, or simply think about her.             
conj. + adv. + v.
The selection of a single neuron from a large and initially uniform population of ectodermal cells
conj. + adv. + adj. + comp. n.
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adv. + conj.
But he could not speak grammatically or create complete sentences       
adv. + conj.
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clause + adv.
The concept of localization that ultimately emerged—and prevailed—is more     
subord. clause + adv. + v.
bind to specific receptors typically located in the membrane        
missing subord. clause + adv. + v.
found that simply looking at the book was boring           
subord. clause + adv. + gerund
and how highly complex behaviors can be traced to specific regions of the brain    
subord. clause + comp. n.
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especially
a patient's knowledge of living things, especially people,         
especially + comp. n.
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