run:
Sentence=17201-------------------------------------------------------------->
. The recovery of the cone membrane potential and the desensitization of
the cone that underlie light adaptation are mediated by a slow decrease in Ca2+ concentration in the cone outer segment during prolonged illumination (the
opposite changes occur during dark adaptation)
--------------------------------------------------
0 .S the ||+def. art. SUBJECT0
1 S recovery ||n. SUBJECT1
2 S of ||prep. SUBJECT2
3 S the ||+def. art. SUBJECT3
4 S cone ||n. SUBJECT4
5 S membrane ||n. SUBJECT5
6 S potential ||n. SUBJECT6
0 6 the recovery of the cone membrane potential <-----subject noun="" p="" phrase="">FIX nPH AND/OR nPH at PARSEEEE
7 S and ||+conj. SUBJECT6
8 S the ||+def. art. SUBJECT6
9 S desensitization ||n. SUBJECT6
10 S of ||+prep. SUBJECT6
11 SRN the ||+def. art. SUBJECT6
12 S cone ||n. SUBJECT6
7 12 and the desensitization of the cone <-----subject noun="" p="" phrase="">13 S that ||+conj. CONJUNCT CLAUSE THAT
14 S underlie ||v. t. VERB0
15 S light ||a. OBJECT0
16 S adaptation ||n. OBJECT1
15 16 light adaptation <-----object noun="" p="" phrase=""> 17 S are ||+reg. v. VERB0
18 S mediated ||v. i.||imp. & p. p. Mediated||p. pr. & vb. n. Mediating||v. t. VERB0
19 S by ||+prep. PREPOSITION PHRASE BEGINNING
20 S a ||+indef. art.
21 S slow ||a.
22 S decrease ||n.
19 22 by a slow decrease <-----preposition p="" phrase=""> 23 S in ||+prep. PREPOSITION PHRASE BEGINNING
24 S ca2+ ||n.
25 S concentration ||n.
23 25 in ca2+ concentration <-----preposition p="" phrase=""> 26 S in ||+prep. PREPOSITION PHRASE BEGINNING
27 S the ||+def. art.
28 S cone ||n.
29 S outer ||n.
30 S segment ||n.
26 30 in the cone outer segment <-----preposition p="" phrase=""> 31 S during ||prep. ---->FRAGMENT 0
32 S prolonged ||+reg. v.||v. t.||imp. & p. p. Prolonged||p. pr. & vb. n. Prolonging||v. i. ---->FRAGMENT 1
33 S illumination ||n. ---->FRAGMENT 2
31 33 during prolonged illumination <-----fragment clause="" p=""> 34 S( the ||+def. art. SUBJECT0
35 SRN opposite ||a. SUBJECT1
36 S changes ||n.||pl. SUBJECT2
34 36 the opposite changes <-----subject noun="" p="" phrase=""> 37 S occur ||+reg. v.||v. i.||imp. & p. p. Occurred()||p. pr. & vb. n. Occurring VERB0
38 S during ||prep. PREPOSITION PHRASE BEGINNING
39 S dark ||a.
40 S adaptation ||n.
38 40 during dark adaptation <-----preposition p="" phrase="">
Sentence=17249-------------------------------------------------------------->
. If this illumination is maintained,
the cones slowly depolarize to a membrane potential between -70 and -40 mV (the resting potential), and are once again capable of hyperpolarizing in response to
further increases in light intensity?
0 .S if ||+conj.
1 S this ||a. SUBJECT0
2 S illumination ||n. SUBJECT1
1 2 this illumination <-----subject noun="" p="" phrase=""> 3 S is ||+reg. v.||v. i. VERB0
4 S maintained ||+reg. v.||v. t.||imp. & p. p. Maintained||p. pr. & vb. n. Maintaining VERB0
PUNCTUATION , CLAUSE WITH ARTICLE BEG
5 ,SRN the ||+def. art. SUBJECT0
6 S cones ||n.||pl. SUBJECT1
5 6 the cones <-----subject noun="" p="" phrase="">7 S slowly ||+adv. manner
8 S depolarize ||v. t.||imp. & p. p. Depolarized||p. pr. & vb. n. Depolarizing VERB0
9 S to ||+prep. PREPOSITION PHRASE BEGINNING
10 S a ||+indef. art.
11 S membrane ||n.
12 S potential ||n.
9 12 to a membrane potential <-----preposition p="" phrase=""> 13 S between ||+prep. PREPOSITION PHRASE BEGINNING
14 S -70 ||n.
13 14 between -70 <-----preposition p="" phrase="">FIX nPH AND/OR nPH at PARSEEEE
15 S and ||+conj.
16 S -40 ||n.
17 S mv ||n.
13 17 between -70 and -40 mv <-----preposition p="" phrase=""> 18 S( the ||+def. art. SUBJECT0
19 S resting ||a. SUBJECT1
20 S potential ||n. SUBJECT2
18 20 the resting potential <-----subject noun="" p="" phrase="">21 ),S and ||+conj. CONJUNCT CLAUSE AND
22 S are ||+reg. v. VERB0
23 S once ||+conj.
24 S again ||adv.
25 S capable ||a. ---->FRAGMENT 0
26 S of ||+prep. ---->FRAGMENT 1
27 S hyperpolarizing ||v. ---->FRAGMENT 2
25 27 capable of hyperpolarizing <-----fragment clause="" p=""> 28 S in ||+prep. PREPOSITION PHRASE BEGINNING
29 S response ||n.
28 29 in response <-----preposition p="" phrase="">30 S to ||to-inf.
31 SRN further ||a.
32 S increases ||n.||pl.
30 32 to further increases <-----preposition p="" phrase=""> 33 S in ||+prep. PREPOSITION PHRASE BEGINNING
34 S light ||n.
35 S intensity ||n.
33 35 in light intensity <-----preposition p="" phrase="">
Sentence=17063-------------------------------------------------------------->
. Detail of the retina at the fovea is shown on the
right (the diagram has been simplified by eliminating lateral connections mediated by interneurons; see Figure 26-6)
0 .S detail ||n. SUBJECT0
1 S of ||+prep. SUBJECT1
2 S the ||+def. art. SUBJECT2
3 S retina ||n. SUBJECT3
0 3 detail of the retina <-----subject noun="" p="" phrase=""> 4 S at ||prep. PREPOSITION PHRASE BEGINNING
5 S the ||+def. art.
6 S fovea ||n.
4 6 at the fovea <-----preposition p="" phrase=""> 7 S is ||+reg. v.||v. i. VERB0
8 S shown ||v. t.||imp.||p. p. Shown||p. pr. & vb. n. Showing||v. i. VERB0
9 S on ||+prep. PREPOSITION PHRASE BEGINNING
10 S the ||+def. art.
11 SRN right ||n.
9 11 on the right <-----preposition p="" phrase=""> 12 S( the ||+def. art. SUBJECT0
13 S diagram ||n. SUBJECT1
12 13 the diagram <-----subject noun="" p="" phrase=""> 14 S has ||v. t.||aux. VERB0
15 S been ||+irreg. v. participle VERB0
16 S simplified ||v. t.||imp. & p. p. Simplified||p. pr. & vb. n. Simplifying VERB0
17 S by ||+prep. ---->FRAGMENT 0
18 S eliminating ||v. t.||imp. & p. p. Eliminated||p. pr. & vb. n. Eliminating ---->FRAGMENT 1
19 S lateral ||a. ---->FRAGMENT 2
20 S connections ||n.||pl. ---->FRAGMENT 3
17 20 by eliminating lateral connections <-----fragment clause="" p=""> 21 S mediated ||v. i.||imp. & p. p. Mediated||p. pr. & vb. n. Mediating||v. t. ---->FRAGMENT 0
22 S by ||+prep. ---->FRAGMENT 1
23 S interneurons ||n.||pl. ---->FRAGMENT 2
21 23 mediated by interneurons <-----fragment clause="" p="">
CONJUNCT PUNCTUATION ---> ;
24 ;S see ||+irreg. v. neutral||v. t.||imp.||p. p. Seen||p. pr. & vb. n. Seeing||v. i. VERB0
25 S figure ||n. SUBJECT0
26 S 26-6 ||n. SUBJECT1
25 26 figure 26-6 <-----subject noun="" p="" phrase="">
Sentence=17074-------------------------------------------------------------->
. To allow light to reach the photoreceptors without
being absorbed or greatly scattered (which would distort the visual image), the axons of neurons in the proximal layers of the retina are unmyelinated so that these
layers of cells are relatively transparent.
0 .S to ||to-inf. INFINITIVE TO
1 S allow ||+reg. v.||v. t.||imp. & p. p. Allowed||p. pr. & vb. n. Allowing||v. i. INFINITIVE VERB
2 S light ||n.
2 2 to allow light <-----infinitive p="" phrase="">3 S to ||to-inf. INFINITIVE TO
4 S reach ||+reg. v.||v. t.||imp. & p. p. Reached||p. pr. & vb. n. Reaching INFINITIVE VERB
5 S the ||+def. art.
6 S photoreceptors ||n.||pl.
5 6 to reach the photoreceptors <-----infinitive p="" phrase=""> 7 S without ||prep. ---->FRAGMENT 0
8 SRN being ||v. i.||p. pr. & vb. n. Being ---->FRAGMENT 1
9 S absorbed ||+reg. v.||v. t.||imp. & p. p. Absorbed||p. pr. & vb. n. Absorbing||v. i. ---->FRAGMENT 2
10 S or ||+conj. ---->FRAGMENT 3
11 S greatly ||+adv. manner ---->FRAGMENT 4
7 11 without being absorbed or greatly <-----fragment clause="" p=""> 12 S scattered ||+reg. v.||v. t.||imp. & p. p. Scattered||p. pr. & vb. n. Scattering||v. i. ---->FRAGMENT 0
12 12 scattered <-----fragment clause="" p=""> 13 S( which ||+nom. pron. SUBJECT0
14 S would ||mod. past VERB0
15 S distort ||v. t.||imp. & p. p. Distorted||p. pr. & vb. n. Distorting VERB0
16 S the ||+def. art. OBJECT0
17 S visual ||a. OBJECT1
18 S image ||n. OBJECT2
16 18 the visual image <-----object noun="" p="" phrase=""> PUNCTUATION , CLAUSE WITH ARTICLE BEG
19 ),S the ||+def. art. SUBJECT0
20 S axons ||n.||pl. SUBJECT1
21 S of ||prep. SUBJECT2
22 S neurons ||n.||pl. SUBJECT3
19 22 the axons of neurons <-----subject noun="" p="" phrase=""> 23 S in ||+prep. PREPOSITION PHRASE BEGINNING
24 S the ||+def. art.
25 S proximal ||a.
26 S layers ||n.||pl.
27 S of ||+prep.
28 S the ||+def. art.
29 S retina ||n.
23 29 in the proximal layers of the retina <-----preposition p="" phrase=""> 30 S are ||+reg. v. VERB0
31 S unmyelinated ||n. OBJECT0
31 31 unmyelinated <-----object noun="" p="" phrase="">32 S so ||+conj.
33 S that ||+conj.
34 S these ||a. SUBJECT0
35 SRN layers ||n.||pl. SUBJECT1
36 S of ||+prep. SUBJECT2
37 S cells ||n.||pl. SUBJECT3
34 37 these layers of cells <-----subject noun="" p="" phrase=""> 38 S are ||+reg. v. VERB0
39 S relatively ||adv.
40 S transparent ||adv.
Sentence=17340-------------------------------------------------------------->
.) This hyperpolarization of the horizontal cell reduces the amount of inhibitory transmitter released by the horizontal cell onto postsynaptic cones
in the receptive field center, and as a result these cones become depolarized (the opposite effect of light absorption by these cones)
0 .)S this ||a. SUBJECT0
1 S hyperpolarization ||n. SUBJECT1
2 S of ||+prep. SUBJECT2
3 S the ||+def. art. SUBJECT3
4 S horizontal ||a. SUBJECT4
5 S cell ||n. SUBJECT5
0 5 this hyperpolarization of the horizontal cell <-----subject noun="" p="" phrase=""> 6 S reduces ||+reg. v.||v. t.||imp. & p. p. Reduced||p. pr. & vb. n. Reducing||present t. VERB0
7 S the ||+def. art. OBJECT0
8 S amount ||n. OBJECT1
9 S of ||prep. OBJECT2
10 S inhibitory ||a. OBJECT3
11 S transmitter ||n. OBJECT4
7 11 the amount of inhibitory transmitter <-----object noun="" p="" phrase=""> 12 S released ||+reg. v.||v. t.||imp. & p. p. Released||p. pr. & vb. n. Releasing ---->FRAGMENT 0
13 S by ||+prep. ---->FRAGMENT 1
14 S the ||+def. art. ---->FRAGMENT 2
15 S horizontal ||a. ---->FRAGMENT 3
16 S cell ||n. ---->FRAGMENT 4
12 16 released by the horizontal cell <-----fragment clause="" p=""> 17 S onto ||+prep. PREPOSITION PHRASE BEGINNING
18 S postsynaptic ||a.
19 S cones ||n.||pl.
17 19 onto postsynaptic cones <-----preposition p="" phrase=""> 20 SRN in ||+prep. PREPOSITION PHRASE BEGINNING
21 S the ||+def. art.
22 S receptive ||a.
23 S field ||n.
24 S center ||n.
20 24 in the receptive field center <-----preposition p="" phrase="">25 ,S and ||+conj. CONJUNCT CLAUSE AND
26 S as ||+prep. PREPOSITION PHRASE BEGINNING
27 S a ||+indef. art.
28 S result ||n.
26 28 as a result <-----preposition p="" phrase=""> 29 S these ||a. SUBJECT0
30 S cones ||n.||pl. SUBJECT1
29 30 these cones <-----subject noun="" p="" phrase=""> 31 S become ||+irreg. v. neutral||+irreg. v. participle||v. i.||imp.||p. p. Become||p. pr. & vb. n. Becoming||v. t. VERB0
32 S depolarized ||v. t.||imp. & p. p. Depolarized||p. pr. & vb. n. Depolarizing ---->FRAGMENT 0
32 32 depolarized <-----fragment clause="" p=""> 33 S( the ||+def. art. SUBJECT0
34 S opposite ||a. SUBJECT1
35 S effect ||n. SUBJECT2
36 S of ||+prep. SUBJECT3
37 S light ||n. SUBJECT4
38 S absorption ||n. SUBJECT5
33 38 the opposite effect of light absorption <-----subject noun="" p="" phrase=""> 39 S by ||+prep. PREPOSITION PHRASE BEGINNING
40 S these ||a.
41 S cones ||n.||pl.
39 41 by these cones <-----preposition p="" phrase="">
Sentence=17402-------------------------------------------------------------->
).
Different Classes of Bipolar Cells Have Excitatory Connections With Corresponding Classes of
Ganglion Cells
The receptive field properties of a ganglion cell largely reflect those of the bipolar cells connected to it, because each type of bipolar cell (on-center or off-center)
makes excitatory synaptic connections with the corresponding type of ganglion cell.
0 ).RNRN different ||a. SUBJECT0
1 S classes ||n.||pl. SUBJECT1
2 S of ||+prep. SUBJECT2
3 S bipolar ||a. SUBJECT3
4 S cells ||n.||pl. SUBJECT4
0 4 different classes of bipolar cells <-----subject noun="" p="" phrase=""> 5 S have ||+irreg. v. neutral||v. t.||imp. & p. p. Had||p. pr. & vb. n. Having VERB0
6 S excitatory ||a. OBJECT0
7 S connections ||n.||pl. OBJECT1
6 7 excitatory connections <-----object noun="" p="" phrase=""> 8 S with ||+prep. ---->FRAGMENT 0
9 S corresponding ||v. i.||imp. & p. p. Corresponded||p. pr. & vb. n. Corresponding ---->FRAGMENT 1
10 S classes ||n.||pl. ---->FRAGMENT 2
11 S of ||+prep. ---->FRAGMENT 3
12 SRN ganglion ||n. ---->FRAGMENT 4
13 S cells ||n.||pl. ---->FRAGMENT 5
8 13 with corresponding classes of ganglion cells <-----fragment clause="" p="">
CONJUNCT PUNCTUATION ---> ;
14 RN; the ||+def. art. SUBJECT0
15 S receptive ||a. SUBJECT1
16 S field ||n. SUBJECT2
17 S properties ||n.||pl. SUBJECT3
18 S of ||+prep. SUBJECT4
19 S a ||+indef. art. SUBJECT5
20 S ganglion ||n. SUBJECT6
21 S cell ||n. SUBJECT7
14 21 the receptive field properties of a ganglion cell <-----subject noun="" p="" phrase="">22 S largely ||adv.
23 S reflect ||+reg. v.||v. t.||imp. & p. p. Reflected||p. pr. & vb. n. Reflecting||v. i. VERB0
24 S those ||+obliq. pron.
25 S of ||+prep.
26 S the ||+def. art.
27 S bipolar ||a.
28 S cells ||n.||pl.
25 28 of the bipolar cells <-----preposition p="" phrase=""> 29 S connected ||+reg. v.||v. t.||imp. & p. p. Connected||p. pr. & vb. n. Connecting||v. i. ---->FRAGMENT 0
29 29 connected <-----fragment clause="" p="">30 S to ||+prep.
31 S it ||+obliq. pron.
32 ,S because ||+conj. CONJUNCT CLAUSE BECAUSE
33 S each ||a. SUBJECT0
34 S type ||n. SUBJECT1
35 S of ||+prep. SUBJECT2
36 S bipolar ||a. SUBJECT3
37 S cell ||n. SUBJECT4
33 37 each type of bipolar cell <-----subject noun="" p="" phrase=""> 38 S( on-center ||n. SUBJECT0
38 38 on-center <-----subject noun="" p="" phrase="">FIX nPH AND/OR nPH at PARSEEEE
39 S or ||+conj. SUBJECT0
40 S off-center ||n. SUBJECT0
39 40 or off-center <-----subject noun="" p="" phrase=""> 41 )SRN makes ||+irreg. v. neutral||v. t.||imp. & p. p. Made||p. pr. & vb. n. Making||v. i.||present t. VERB0
42 S excitatory ||a. OBJECT0
43 S synaptic ||a. OBJECT1
44 S connections ||n.||pl. OBJECT2
42 44 excitatory synaptic connections <-----object noun="" p="" phrase=""> 45 S with ||+prep. PREPOSITION PHRASE BEGINNING
46 S the ||+def. art.
47 S corresponding ||a.
48 S type ||n.
49 S of ||+prep.
50 S ganglion ||n.
51 S cell ||n.
45 51 with the corresponding type of ganglion cell <-----preposition p="" phrase="">
You will find my technical articles and translations on software in this article. My areas of interest include JAVA - J2EE with all its aspects, specially EJB3, Struts, JSF, Spring, WebServices and other frameworks.
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About Me
- Air Traffic Control and Large Systems
- MSc Electronics and Telecommunication ITU, MM Music Theory and Composition Illinois State Uni, post grad studies ATC - FPP and Large Systems EUROCONTROL Uni ;-)..
